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Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm
BackgroundAneurysmal degeneration can occur anywhere in the human aorta. By definition, an aneurysm is a localized or diffuse dilation of an artery with a diameter at least 50% greater than the normal Read more
Cardiovascular Disease and Pregnancy
OverviewThe presence of cardiovascular disease in pregnant women poses a difficult clinical scenario in which the responsibility of the treating physician extends to the unborn fetus. Profound changes Read more
Infective Endocarditis
Practice EssentialsInfective endocarditis (IE) is defined as an infection of the endocardial surface of the heart, which may include one or more heart valves, the mural endocardium, or a septal defect Read more
Aortic Stenosis
Practice EssentialsAortic stenosis is the obstruction of blood flow across the aortic valve. Among symptomatic patients with medically treated moderate-to-severe aortic stenosis, mortality from the on Read more
Carotid Artery Dissection
BackgroundCarotid artery dissection begins as a tear in one of the carotid arteries of the neck, which allows blood under arterial pressure to enter the wall of the artery and split its layers. The re Read more
Loeffler Endocarditis
BackgroundLoeffler endocarditis and endomyocardial fibrosis are restrictive cardiomyopathies, defined as diseases of the heart muscle that result in impaired ventricular filling with normal or decreas Read more
Mitral Stenosis
BackgroundMitral stenosis (MS) is characterized by obstruction to left ventricular inflow at the level of mitral valve due to structural abnormality of the mitral valve apparatus. The most common caus Read more
Pulmonic Valvular Stenosis
BackgroundPulmonic valvular stenosis (PVS) is described as lesions that collectively are associated with obstruction to the right ventricular outflow tract. Stenosis may be valvular, subvalvular, or s Read more
Pulmonic Stenosis
BackgroundPulmonic stenosis (PS) refers to a dynamic or fixed anatomic obstruction to flow from the right ventricle (RV) to the pulmonary arterial vasculature. Although most commonly diagnosed and tre Read more
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